# To unbundle, run this file
echo hel.mac
sed 's/.//' >hel.mac <<'//GO.SYSIN DD hel.mac'
-.hy 9
-.de op
-.nr PD 0
-.IP \h'1i'\(ci 1i+2
-.nr PD .5v
-..
-.de sh
-.IP "\(sq\ \\$1" 1i
-..
-.de OP
-.op \\$1 \\$2 \\$3
-..
-.de UC
-\&\\$3\\s-1\\$1\\s0\\$2\&
-..
//GO.SYSIN DD hel.mac
echo hel0
sed 's/.//' >hel0 <<'//GO.SYSIN DD hel0'
-.TL
-7th Edition UNIX \(em Summary
-.AU
-September 6, 1978
-.AI
-.MH
-.SH
-A.  What's new: highlights of the 7th edition UNIX\(dg System
-.FS
-\(dg
-.UC UNIX
-is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories.
-.FE
-.LP
-.B "Aimed at larger systems."
-Devices are addressable to 2\u\s-231\s+2\d
-bytes, files to 2\u\s-230\s+2\d bytes.
-128K memory (separate instruction and data space) is needed for some utilities.
-.LP
-.B "Portability."
-Code of the operating system and most utilities has
-been extensively revised to minimize its
-dependence on particular hardware.
-.LP
-.B "Fortran 77."
-F77 compiler for the new standard language
-is compatible with C at the object level.
-A Fortran structurer, STRUCT, converts old, ugly Fortran into RATFOR,
-a structured dialect usable with F77.
-.LP
-.B "Shell."
-Completely new SH program supports string variables,
-trap handling, structured programming, user profiles,
-settable search path,
-multilevel file name generation, etc.
-.LP
-.B "Document preparation."
-TROFF phototypesetter utility is standard.
-NROFF (for terminals) is now highly compatible
-with TROFF.
-MS macro package provides canned commands for
-many common formatting and layout situations.
-TBL provides an easy to learn language for preparing
-complicated tabular material.
-REFER fills in bibliographic citations
-from a data base.
-.LP
-.B "UNIX-to-UNIX file copy."
-UUCP performs spooled
-file transfers between any two machines.
-.LP
-.B "Data processing."
-SED stream editor does multiple editing functions
-in parallel on a data stream of indefinite length.
-AWK report generator does free-field pattern selection
-and arithmetic operations.
-.LP
-.B "Program development."
-MAKE
-controls re-creation of complicated software,
-arranging for minimal recompilation.
-.LP
-.B "Debugging."
-ADB does postmortem and breakpoint debugging,
-handles separate instruction and data spaces,
-floating point, etc.
-.LP
-.B "C language."
-The language now supports
-definable data types, generalized initialization,
-block structure, long integers,
-unions,
-explicit type conversions.
-The LINT verifier does strong type checking
-and detection of probable errors and portability problems
-even across separately compiled functions.
-.LP
-.B "Lexical analyzer generator."
-LEX converts specification of regular expressions
-and semantic actions into a recognizing subroutine.
-Analogous to YACC.
-.LP
-.B "Graphics."
-Simple graph-drawing utility, graphic subroutines, and
-generalized plotting filters adapted to various devices
-are now standard.
-.LP
-.B "Standard input-output package."
-Highly efficient buffered stream I/O is
-integrated with formatted input and output.
-.LP
-.B "Other."
-The operating system and utilities have been enhanced
-and freed of restrictions in many
-other ways too numerous to relate.
-.sp 100
//GO.SYSIN DD hel0
echo hel1
sed 's/.//' >hel1 <<'//GO.SYSIN DD hel1'
-.SH
-B.  Hardware
-.PP
-The
-7th edition
-.UC UNIX
-operating system
-runs on
-a DEC PDP-11/45 or 11/70*
-.FS
-*PDP is a Trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.
-.FE
-with at least the following equipment:
-.IP
-128K to 2M words of managed memory; parity not used.
-.IP
-disk: RP03, RP04, RP06, RK05 (more than 1 RK05) or equivalent.
-.IP
-console typewriter.
-.IP
-clock: KW11-L or KW11-P.
-.LP
-The following equipment is strongly recommended:
-.IP
-communications controller such as DL11 or DH11.
-.IP
-full duplex 96-character ASCII terminals.
-.IP
-9-track tape or extra disk for system backup.
-.LP
-The system is normally distributed on 9-track tape.
-The minimum memory and disk space specified is enough to run
-and maintain
-.UC UNIX .
-More will be needed to keep all source on line, or to handle
-a large number of users,
-big data bases, diversified complements of devices, or large
-programs.
-The resident code
-occupies 12-20K words depending
-on configuration;
-system data occupies 10-28K words.
-.PP
-There is no commitment to provide 7th edition
-.UC UNIX
-on PDP-11/34, 11/40 and 11/60 hardware.
-.SH
-C.  Software
-.PP
-Most of the programs available as
-.UC UNIX
-commands are listed.
-Source code and printed manuals are 
-distributed for all of the listed software
-except games.
-Almost all of the code is written in C.
-Commands are self-contained and do not require extra setup
-information,
-unless specifically noted as ``interactive.''
-Interactive programs can be made to run from a prepared script
-simply by redirecting input.
-Most programs intended for interactive use
-(e.g., the editor) 
-allow for an escape to
-command level (the Shell).
-Most file processing commands
-can also go from standard input to standard output
-(``filters'').
-The piping facility of the Shell may be used
-to connect such filters directly to the input or output
-of other programs.
-.NH
-Basic Software
-.PP
-This
-includes the time-sharing operating
-system with utilities, a machine language assembler and a 
-compiler for the programming language C\(emenough
-software to
-write and run new applications
-and to maintain or modify
-.UC UNIX
-itself.
-.NH 2
-Operating System
-.sh UNIX
-The basic resident code
-on which everything else depends.
-Supports the system calls, and maintains the file system.
-A general description of
-.UC UNIX
-design
-philosophy and system facilities appeared in
-the Communications of the ACM, July, 1974.
-A more extensive survey is in the Bell System Technical Journal
-for July-August 1978.
-Capabilities include:
-.op
-Reentrant code for user processes.
-.op
-Separate instruction and data spaces.
-.op
-``Group'' access permissions for cooperative projects,
-with overlapping memberships.
-.op
-Alarm-clock timeouts.
-.op
-Timer-interrupt sampling and interprocess monitoring
-for debugging and measurement.
-.OP
-Multiplexed I/O for machine-to-machine communication.
-.sh DEVICES
-All I/O is logically synchronous.
-I/O devices are simply files in the file system.
-Normally, invisible buffering makes all physical
-record structure and device characteristics transparent and exploits the
-hardware's ability to do overlapped I/O.
-Unbuffered physical record
-I/O is available for unusual applications.
-Drivers for these devices are
-available; others can be easily written:
-.op
-Asynchronous interfaces: DH11, DL11.
-Support for most common ASCII terminals.
-.op
-Synchronous interface: DP11.
-.op
-Automatic calling unit interface: DN11.
-.op
-Line printer: LP11.
-.op
-Magnetic tape: TU10 and TU16.
-.op
-DECtape: TC11.
-.op
-Fixed head disk: RS11, RS03 and RS04.
-.op
-Pack type disk: RP03, RP04, RP06;
-minimum-latency seek scheduling.
-.op
-Cartridge-type disk: RK05, one or more physical devices per
-logical device.
-.op
-Null device.
-.op
-Physical memory of PDP-11, or mapped memory in resident system.
-.op
-Phototypesetter: Graphic Systems System/1 through DR11C.
-.sh BOOT
-Procedures to get
-.UC UNIX
-started.
-.sh MKCONF
-Tailor device-dependent system code to hardware configuration.
-As distributed,
-.UC UNIX
-can 
-be brought up directly on any acceptable CPU
-with any acceptable disk, any sufficient amount of core,
-and either clock.
-Other changes, such as optimal
-assignment of directories to devices, inclusion of floating
-point simulator, or installation of device names in file system,
-can then be made at leisure.
-.NH 2
-User Access Control
-.LP
-.sh LOGIN
-Sign on as a new user.
-.op
-Verify password and establish user's 
-individual and group (project) identity.
-.op
-Adapt to characteristics of terminal.
-.op
-Establish working directory.
-.op
-Announce presence of mail (from MAIL).
-.op
-Publish message of the day.
-.op
-Execute user-specified profile.
-.op
-Start command interpreter or other initial program.
-.sh PASSWD
-Change a password.
-.op
-User can change his own password.
-.op
-Passwords are kept encrypted for security.
-.sh NEWGRP
-Change working group (project).
-Protects against unauthorized changes to projects.
-.NH 2
-Terminal Handling
-.LP
-.sh TABS
-Set tab stops appropriately for specified terminal type.
-.sh STTY
-Set up options for optimal control of a terminal.
-In so far as they are deducible from the input, these
-options are set automatically by LOGIN.
-.op
-Half vs. full duplex.
-.op
-Carriage return+line feed vs. newline.
-.op
-Interpretation of tabs.
-.op
-Parity.
-.op
-Mapping of upper case to lower.
-.op
-Raw vs. edited input.
-.op
-Delays for tabs, newlines and carriage returns.
-.NH 2
-File Manipulation
-.LP
-.sh CAT
-Concatenate one or more files onto standard output.
-Particularly used for unadorned printing, for
-inserting data into a pipeline,
-and for buffering output that comes in dribs and drabs.
-Works on any file regardless of contents.
-.sh CP
-Copy one file to another,
-or a set of files to a directory.
-Works on any file regardless of contents.
-.sh PR
-Print files with title, date, and page number on every page.
-.op
-Multicolumn output.
-.op
-Parallel column merge of several files.
-.sh LPR
-Off-line print.
-Spools arbitrary files to the line printer.
-.sh CMP
-Compare two files and report if different.
-.sh TAIL
-Print last
-.I n
-lines of input
-.op
-May print last
-.I n
-characters, or from
-.I n
-lines or characters to end.
-.sh SPLIT
-Split a large file into more manageable pieces.
-Occasionally necessary for editing (ED).
-.sh DD
-Physical file format translator,
-for exchanging data with foreign
-systems, especially IBM 370's.
-.sh SUM
-Sum the words of a file.
-.NH 2
-Manipulation of Directories and File Names
-.LP
-.sh RM
-Remove a file.
-Only the name goes away if any other names are linked to the file.
-.OP
-Step through a directory deleting files interactively.
-.OP
-Delete entire directory hierarchies.
-.sh LN
-``Link'' another name (alias) to an existing file.
-.sh MV
-Move a file or files.
-Used for renaming files.
-.sh CHMOD
-Change permissions on one or more files.
-Executable by files' owner.
-.sh CHOWN
-Change owner of one or more files.
-.sh CHGRP
-Change group (project) to which a file belongs.
-.sh MKDIR
-Make a new directory.
-.sh RMDIR
-Remove a directory.
-.sh CD
-Change working directory.
-.sh FIND
-Prowl the directory
-hierarchy finding
-every file that meets
-specified criteria.
-.op
-Criteria include:
-.in +2
-.nf
-name matches a given pattern,
-creation date in given range,
-date of last use in given range,
-given permissions,
-given owner,
-given special file characteristics,
-boolean combinations of above.
-.in -2
-.fi
-.op
-Any directory may be considered to be the root.
-.op
-Perform specified command on each file found.
-.NH 2
-Running of Programs
-.LP
-.sh SH
-The Shell, or command language interpreter.
-.op
-Supply arguments to and run any executable program.
-.op
-Redirect standard input, standard output, and standard error files.
-.op
-Pipes:
-simultaneous execution with output of one process connected
-to the input of another.
-.OP
-Compose compound commands using:
-.in+2
-if ... then ... else,
-.br
-case switches,
-.br
-while loops,
-.br
-for loops over lists,
-.br
-break, continue and exit,
-.br
-parentheses for grouping.
-.in -2
-.op
-Initiate background processes.
-.op
-Perform Shell programs, i.e., command scripts with
-substitutable arguments.
-.op
-Construct argument lists from all file names
-satisfying specified patterns.
-.OP
-Take special action on traps and interrupts.
-.OP
-User-settable search path for finding commands.
-.OP
-Executes user-settable profile upon login.
-.OP
-Optionally announces presence of mail as it arrives.
-.op
-Provides variables and parameters with default setting.
-.sh TEST
-Tests for use in Shell conditionals.
-.op
-String comparison.
-.op
-File nature and accessibility.
-.op
-Boolean combinations of the above.
-.sh EXPR
-String computations for calculating command arguments.
-.OP
-Integer arithmetic
-.OP
-Pattern matching
-.sh WAIT
-Wait for termination of asynchronously running processes.
-.sh READ
-Read a line from terminal,
-for interactive Shell procedure.
-.sh ECHO
-Print remainder of command line.
-Useful for diagnostics or prompts in Shell programs,
-or for inserting data into a pipeline.
-.sh SLEEP
-Suspend execution for a specified time.
-.sh NOHUP
-Run a command immune to hanging up the terminal.
-.sh NICE
-Run a command in low (or high) priority.
-.sh KILL
-Terminate named processes.
-.sh CRON
-Schedule regular actions at specified times.
-.op
-Actions are arbitrary programs.
-.op
-Times are
-conjunctions of month, day of month, day of week, hour
-and minute.
-Ranges are specifiable for each.
-.sh AT
-Schedule a one-shot action for an arbitrary time.
-.sh TEE
-Pass data between processes and divert a copy into one or more files.
-.NH 2
-Status Inquiries
-.LP
-.sh LS
-List the names of one, several, or all files in one or more directories.
-.op
-Alphabetic or temporal sorting, up or down.
-.op
-Optional information:
-size,
-owner,
-group,
-date last modified,
-date last accessed,
-permissions,
-i-node number.
-.sh FILE
-Try to determine 
-what kind of information is in a file by consulting
-the file system index and by reading the file itself.
-.sh DATE
-Print today's date and time.
-Has considerable knowledge
-of calendric and horological peculiarities.
-.op
-May set
-.UC UNIX 's
-idea of date and time.
-.sh DF
-Report amount of free space on file system devices.
-.sh DU
-Print a summary of total space occupied by all files in a hierarchy.
-.sh QUOT
-Print summary of file space usage by user id.
-.sh WHO
-Tell who's on the system.
-.op
-List of presently logged in users,
-ports and times on.
-.op
-Optional history of all logins and logouts.
-.sh PS
-Report on active processes.
-.op
-List your own or everybody's processes.
-.op
-Tell what commands are being executed.
-.op
-Optional status information:
-state and scheduling info,
-priority,
-attached terminal,
-what it's waiting for,
-size.
-.sh IOSTAT
-Print statistics about system I/O activity.
-.sh TTY
-Print name of your terminal.
-.sh PWD
-Print name of your working directory.
-.NH 2
-Backup and Maintenance
-.LP
-.sh MOUNT
-Attach a device containing
-a file system to
-the tree of directories.
-Protects against nonsense arrangements.
-.sh UMOUNT
-Remove the file system contained on a device
-from the tree of directories.
-Protects against removing a busy device.
-.sh MKFS
-Make a new file system on a device.
-.sh MKNOD
-Make an i-node (file system entry) for a special file.
-Special files are
-physical devices,
-virtual devices, physical memory, etc.
-.sh TP
-.sh TAR
-Manage file archives on magnetic tape or DECtape.
-TAR is newer.
-.op
-Collect files into an archive.
-.op
-Update DECtape archive by date.
-.op
-Replace or delete DECtape files.
-.op
-Print table of contents.
-.op
-Retrieve from archive.
-.sh DUMP
-Dump the file system
-stored on a specified device, selectively by date, or indiscriminately.
-.sh RESTOR
-Restore a dumped file system,
-or selectively retrieve parts thereof.
-.sh SU
-Temporarily become the super user with all the rights and privileges
-thereof.
-Requires a password.
-.sh DCHECK
-.sh ICHECK
-.sh NCHECK
-Check consistency of file system.
-.op
-Print gross statistics:
-number of files,
-number of directories,
-number of special files,
-space used,
-space free.
-.op
-Report duplicate use of space.
-.op
-Retrieve lost space.
-.op
-Report inaccessible files.
-.op
-Check consistency of directories.
-.op
-List names of all files.
-.sh CLRI
-Peremptorily expunge a file and its space from a file system.
-Used to repair damaged file systems.
-.sh SYNC
-Force all outstanding I/O on the system to completion.
-Used to shut down gracefully.
-.NH 2
-Accounting
-.LP
-The timing information on which the reports are based can be
-manually cleared or shut off completely.
-.sh AC
-Publish cumulative connect time report.
-.op
-Connect time by user or by day.
-.op
-For all users or for selected users.
-.sh SA
-Publish Shell accounting
-report.
-Gives usage information on each command executed.
-.op
-Number of times used.
-.op
-Total system time, user time and elapsed time.
-.op
-Optional averages and percentages.
-.op
-Sorting on various fields.
-.NH 2
-Communication
-.LP
-.sh MAIL
-Mail a message to one or more users.
-Also used to read and dispose of incoming mail.
-The presence of mail is announced by LOGIN
-and optionally by SH.
-.op
-Each message can be disposed of individually.
-.op
-Messages can be saved in files or forwarded.
-.sh CALENDAR
-Automatic reminder service for events of today and tomorrow.
-.sh WRITE
-Establish direct terminal communication with another user.
-.sh WALL
-Write to all users.
-.sh MESG
-Inhibit receipt of messages from WRITE and WALL.
-.sh CU
-Call up another time-sharing system.
-.OP
-Transparent interface to remote machine.
-.OP
-File transmission.
-.OP
-Take remote input from local file or put remote output
-into local file.
-.OP
-Remote system need not be
-.UC UNIX .
-.sh UUCP
-.UC UNIX
-to
-.UC UNIX
-copy.
-.OP
-Automatic queuing until line becomes available
-and remote machine is up.
-.OP
-Copy between two remote machines.
-.op
-Differences, mail, etc., between two machines.
-.NH 2
-Basic Program Development Tools
-.LP
-Some of these utilities are used as integral parts of
-the higher level languages described in section 2.
-.sh AR
-Maintain archives and libraries.
-Combines several files into one for housekeeping efficiency.
-.op
-Create new archive.
-.op
-Update archive by date.
-.op
-Replace or delete files.
-.op
-Print table of contents.
-.op
-Retrieve from archive.
-.sh AS
-Assembler.
-Similar to PAL-11, but different in detail.
-.op
-Creates object program consisting of
-.in+2
-.nf
-code, possibly read-only,
-initialized data or read-write code,
-uninitialized data.
-.in -2
-.fi
-.op
-Relocatable object code is directly executable without
-further transformation.
-.op
-Object code normally includes a symbol table.
-.op
-Multiple source files.
-.op
-Local labels.
-.op
-Conditional assembly.
-.op
-``Conditional jump'' instructions become
-branches or branches plus jumps depending on distance.
-.sh Library
-The basic run-time library.
-These routines are used freely by all software.
-.op
-Buffered character-by-character I/O.
-.op
-Formatted input and output conversion (SCANF and PRINTF)
-for standard input and output, files, in-memory conversion.
-.op
-Storage allocator.
-.op
-Time conversions.
-.op
-Number conversions.
-.op
-Password encryption.
-.op
-Quicksort.
-.op
-Random number generator.
-.op
-Mathematical function library, including
-trigonometric functions and inverses,
-exponential, logarithm, square root,
-bessel functions.
-.sh ADB
-Interactive debugger.
-.op
-Postmortem dumping.
-.OP
-Examination of arbitrary files, with no limit on size.
-.op
-Interactive breakpoint debugging with the debugger as a separate
-process.
-.OP
-Symbolic reference to local and global variables.
-.op
-Stack trace for C programs.
-.OP
-Output formats:
-.in+2
-.nf
-1-, 2-, or 4-byte integers in octal, decimal, or hex
-.br
-single and double floating point
-.br
-character and string
-.br
-disassembled machine instructions
-.br
-.fi
-.in-2
-.op
-Patching.
-.OP
-Searching for integer, character, or floating patterns.
-.OP
-Handles separated instruction and data space.
-.sh OD
-Dump any file.
-Output options include any combination of
-octal or decimal by words,
-octal by bytes,
-ASCII,
-opcodes,
-hexadecimal.
-.op
-Range of dumping is controllable.
-.sh LD
-Link edit.
-Combine relocatable object files.
-Insert required routines from specified libraries.
-.op
-Resulting code may be sharable.
-.op
-Resulting code may have separate instruction and data spaces.
-.sh LORDER
-Places object file names in proper order for loading,
-so that files depending on others come after them.
-.sh NM
-Print the namelist (symbol table) of an object program.
-Provides control over the style and order of
-names that are printed.
-.sh SIZE
-Report the core requirements
-of one or more object files.
-.sh STRIP
-Remove the relocation and symbol table information from
-an object file to save space.
-.sh TIME
-Run a command and report timing information on it.
-.sh PROF
-Construct a profile of time spent per routine
-from statistics gathered by time-sampling the
-execution of a program.
-Uses floating point.
-.op
-Subroutine call frequency and average times for C programs.
-.sh MAKE
-Controls creation of large programs.
-Uses a control file specifying source file dependencies
-to make new version;
-uses time last changed to deduce minimum amount of work necessary.
-.op
-Knows about CC, YACC, LEX, etc.
-.NH 2
-UNIX Programmer's Manual
-.LP
-.sh Manual
-Machine-readable version of the
-.UC UNIX
-Programmer's Manual.
-.op
-System overview.
-.op
-All commands.
-.op
-All system calls.
-.op
-All subroutines in C and assembler libraries.
-.op
-All devices and other special files.
-.op
-Formats of file system and kinds
-of files known to system software.
-.op
-Boot and maintenance procedures.
-.sh MAN
-Print specified manual section on your terminal.
-.NH 2
-Computer-Aided Instruction
-.LP
-.sh LEARN
-A program for interpreting CAI scripts, plus scripts
-for learning about 
-.UC UNIX
-by using it.
-.op
-Scripts for basic files and commands,
-editor,
-advanced files and commands,
-.UC EQN ,
-.UC MS
-macros,
-C programming language.
//GO.SYSIN DD hel1
echo hel2
sed 's/.//' >hel2 <<'//GO.SYSIN DD hel2'
-.NH
-Languages
-.NH 2
-The C Language
-.LP
-.sh CC
-Compile and/or link edit programs in the C
-language.
-The 
-.UC UNIX
-operating system, most of the
-subsystems and C itself are written in C.
-For a full description of C, read
-.ul
-The C Programming Language,
-Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie,
-Prentice-Hall, 1978.
-.op
-General purpose language
-designed for structured programming.
-.op
-Data types include
-character,
-integer,
-float,
-double,
-pointers to all types,
-functions returning above types,
-arrays of all types,
-structures and unions of all types.
-.op
-Operations intended to give machine-independent control
-of full machine facility, including to-memory
-operations and
-pointer arithmetic.
-.op
-Macro preprocessor for parameterized code and inclusion of
-standard files.
-.op
-All procedures recursive, with parameters by value.
-.op
-Machine-independent pointer manipulation.
-.op
-Object code uses full
-addressing capability of the PDP-11.
-.op
-Runtime library gives access to all system facilities.
-.OP
-Definable data types.
-.OP
-Block structure
-.sh  LINT
-Verifier for C programs.
-Reports questionable or nonportable usage such as:
-.nf
-.in +2
-Mismatched data declarations and procedure interfaces.
-.br
-Nonportable type conversions.
-.br
-Unused variables, unreachable code, no-effect operations.
-.br
-Mistyped pointers.
-.br
-Obsolete syntax.
-.in -2
-.OP
-Full cross-module checking of separately compiled programs.
-.sh CB
-A beautifier for C programs.
-Does proper indentation and placement of braces.
-.NH 2
-Fortran
-.LP
-.sh  F77
-A full compiler for 
-ANSI Standard Fortran 77.
-.OP
-Compatible with C and supporting tools at object level.
-.OP
-Optional source compatibility with Fortran 66.
-.OP
-Free format source.
-.op
-Optional subscript-range checking, detection of uninitialized variables.
-.OP
-All widths of arithmetic:
-2- and 4-byte integer; 4- and 8-byte real; 8- and 16-byte
-complex.
-.sh RATFOR
-Ratfor adds rational
-control structure \o'a\(ga' la C to Fortran.
-.op
-Compound statements.
-.op
-If-else, do, for, while,
-repeat-until, break, next
-statements.
-.op
-Symbolic constants.
-.op
-File insertion.
-.op
-Free format source
-.op
-Translation of relationals like >, >=.
-.op
-Produces genuine Fortran to carry away.
-.op
-May be used with F77.
-.sh STRUCT
-Converts ordinary ugly Fortran into structured Fortran (i.e., Ratfor),
-using statement grouping, if-else, while, for, repeat-until.
-.NH 2
-Other Algorithmic Languages
-.LP
-.sh BAS
-An interactive interpreter, similar in style to BASIC.
-Interpret unnumbered statements immediately,
-numbered statements upon `run'.
-.op
-Statements include:
-.in+2
-.nf
-comment,
-dump,
-for...next,
-goto,
-if...else...fi,
-list,
-print,
-prompt,
-return,
-run,
-save.
-.fi
-.in 0
-.op
-All calculations double precision.
-.op
-Recursive function defining and calling.
-.op
-Builtin functions include log, exp, sin, cos, atn, int,
-sqr, abs, rnd.
-.op
-Escape to ED for complex program editing.
-.sh DC
-Interactive programmable desk calculator.
-Has named storage locations as well
-as conventional stack for holding integers or programs.
-.op
-Unlimited precision decimal arithmetic.
-.op
-Appropriate treatment of decimal fractions.
-.op
-Arbitrary input and output radices, in particular
-binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal.
-.op
-Reverse Polish operators:
-.in+2
-.nf
-+ \- * /
-remainder, power, square root,
-load, store, duplicate, clear,
-print, enter program text, execute.
-.in-2
-.fi
-.sh BC
-A C-like interactive interface to the desk calculator DC.
-.op
-All the capabilities of DC with a high-level syntax.
-.op
-Arrays and recursive functions.
-.op
-Immediate evaluation of expressions and evaluation of
-functions upon call.
-.op
-Arbitrary precision elementary functions:
-exp, sin, cos, atan.
-.op
-Go-to-less programming.
-.NH 2
-Macroprocessing
-.LP
-.nr c 0 1
-.sh  M4
-A general purpose macroprocessor.
-.OP
-Stream-oriented, recognizes macros anywhere in text.
-.OP
-Syntax fits with functional syntax of most higher-level
-languages.
-.OP
-Can evaluate integer arithmetic expressions.
-.NH 2
-Compiler-compilers
-.LP
-.sh YACC
-An LR(1)-based compiler writing system.
-During execution of resulting
-parsers, arbitrary C functions may be
-called to do code generation or semantic actions.
-.op
-BNF syntax specifications.
-.op
-Precedence relations.
-.op
-Accepts formally ambiguous grammars
-with non-BNF resolution rules.
-.sh  LEX
-Generator of lexical analyzers.
-Arbitrary C functions may be called
-upon isolation of each lexical token.
-.OP
-Full regular expression,
-plus left and right context dependence.
-.OP
-Resulting lexical analysers interface cleanly
-with YACC parsers.
//GO.SYSIN DD hel2
echo hel3
sed 's/.//' >hel3 <<'//GO.SYSIN DD hel3'
-.NH
-Text Processing
-.NH 2
-Document Preparation
-.LP
-.sh ED
-Interactive context editor.
-Random access to all lines of a file.
-.op
-Find lines by number or pattern.
-Patterns may include:
-specified characters,
-don't care characters,
-choices among characters,
-repetitions of these constructs,
-beginning of line,
-end of line.
-.op
-Add, delete, change, copy, move or join lines.
-.op
-Permute or split contents of a line.
-.op
-Replace one or all instances of a pattern within a line.
-.op
-Combine or split files.
-.op
-Escape to Shell (command language) during editing.
-.ne3
-.op
-Do any of above operations on
-every pattern-selected line in a given range.
-.OP
-Optional encryption for extra security.
-.sh PTX
-Make a permuted (key word in context) index.
-.sh SPELL
-Look for spelling errors by comparing each word in a
-document against a word list.
-.OP
-25,000-word list includes proper names.
-.OP
-Handles common prefixes and suffixes.
-.OP
-Collects words to help tailor local spelling lists.
-.sh LOOK
-Search for words in dictionary that begin with specified prefix.
-.sh TYPO
-Look for spelling errors by a statistical technique;
-not limited to English.
-.sh CRYPT
-Encrypt and decrypt files for security.
-.NH 2
-Document Formatting
-.LP
-.sh ROFF
-A typesetting program for terminals.
-Easy for nontechnical people to learn, and good
-for simple documents.
-Input consists of data lines intermixed with control lines,
-such as
-.ta  8n
-.ti 10
-.li
-.sp 2	insert two lines of space
-.ti10
-.li
-.ce	center the next line
-.br
-ROFF is deemed to be obsolete;
-it is intended only for casual use.
-.op
-Justification of either or both margins.
-.op
-Automatic hyphenation.
-.op
-Generalized running heads and feet, with even-odd page
-capability, numbering, etc.
-.op
-Definable macros for frequently used
-control sequences (no substitutable arguments).
-.op
-All 4 margins and page size dynamically adjustable.
-.op
-Hanging indents and one-line indents.
-.op
-Absolute and relative parameter settings.
-.op
-Optional legal-style numbering of output lines.
-.op
-Multiple file capability.
-.OP
-Not usable as a filter.
-.sh TROFF
-.sh NROFF
-Advanced typesetting.
-TROFF drives a Graphic Systems phototypesetter;
-NROFF drives ascii terminals of all types.
-This summary was typeset using TROFF.
-TROFF and NROFF style is similar to ROFF, but they are capable of much more elaborate
-feats of formatting,
-when appropriately programmed.
-TROFF and NROFF accept the same input language.
-.op
-All ROFF capabilities available or definable.
-.op
-Completely definable page format keyed to dynamically planted
-``interrupts'' at specified lines.
-.op
-Maintains several separately definable typesetting environments (e.g., one for
-body text, one for footnotes, and one for unusually elaborate
-headings).
-.op
-Arbitrary number of output pools can be combined at will.
-.op
-Macros with substitutable arguments, and macros invocable
-in mid-line.
-.op
-Computation and printing of numerical quantities.
-.op
-Conditional execution of macros.
-.op
-Tabular layout facility.
-.op
-Positions expressible in inches, centimeters, ems, points,
-machine units
-or arithmetic combinations thereof.
-.op
-Access to character-width computation for unusually difficult
-layout problems.
-.op
-Overstrikes, built-up brackets, horizontal and vertical line drawing.
-.op
-Dynamic relative or absolute positioning and size selection,
-globally or at the character level.
-.op
-Can exploit the characteristics of the terminal being used,
-for approximating special characters, reverse motions,
-proportional spacing, etc.
-.LP
-The Graphic Systems typesetter has a
-vocabulary of several 102-character fonts (4 simultaneously)
-in 15 sizes.
-TROFF provides
-terminal output for rough sampling of the product.
-.LP
-NROFF will produce multicolumn output on terminals capable of reverse line feed,
-or through the postprocessor COL.
-.LP
-High programming skill is required to exploit the formatting
-capabilities of TROFF and NROFF, although unskilled personnel can easily be trained
-to enter documents according to canned formats
-such as those provided by MS, below.
-TROFF and EQN are essentially identical to NROFF and NEQN
-so it is usually possible to define interchangeable 
-formats to produce
-approximate proof copy on terminals
-before actual typesetting.
-The preprocessors MS, TBL, and REFER are fully compatible
-with TROFF and NROFF.
-.sh MS
-A standardized manuscript layout package
-for use with NROFF/TROFF.
-This document was formatted with MS.
-.op
-Page numbers and draft dates.
-.op
-Automatically numbered subheads.
-.op
-Footnotes.
-.op
-Single or double column.
-.op
-Paragraphing, display and indentation.
-.op
-Numbered equations.
-.sh EQN
-A mathematical typesetting preprocessor for TROFF.
-Translates easily readable formulas, either in-line or displayed, into 
-detailed typesetting instructions.
-Formulas are written in a style like this:
-.DS
-sigma sup 2 ~=~ 1 over N sum from i=1 to N ( x sub i \- x bar ) sup 2
-.DE
-which produces:
-.EQ
-sigma sup 2 ~=~ 1 over N sum from i=1 to N ( x sub i - x bar ) sup 2
-.EN
-.op
-Automatic calculation of size changes for subscripts, sub-subscripts,
-etc.
-.op
-Full vocabulary of Greek letters and special symbols, such as `gamma', `GAMMA', `integral'.
-.op
-Automatic calculation of large bracket sizes.
-.op
-Vertical ``piling'' of formulae for matrices, conditional
-alternatives, etc.
-.op
-Integrals, sums, etc., with arbitrarily complex limits.
-.op
-Diacriticals: dots, double dots, hats, bars, etc.
-.op
-Easily learned by nonprogrammers and mathematical typists.
-.sh NEQN
-A version of EQN for NROFF;
-accepts the same input language.
-Prepares formulas for display on
-any terminal that NROFF knows about,
-for example, those based on Diablo printing mechanism.
-.op
-Same facilities as EQN within graphical capability of
-terminal.
-.sh TBL
-A preprocessor for NROFF/TROFF
-that translates simple descriptions of table layouts
-and contents into detailed typesetting instructions.
-.op
-Computes column widths.
-.op
-Handles left- and right-justified columns,
-centered columns and decimal-point
-alignment.
-.op
-Places column titles.
-.op
-Table entries can be text,
-which is adjusted to fit.
-.op
-Can box all or parts of table.
-.sh REFER
-Fills in bibliographic citations in a document
-from a data base (not supplied).
-.op
-References may be printed in any style,
-as they occur or collected at the end.
-.op
-May be numbered sequentially, by name of author, etc.
-.sh TC
-Simulate Graphic Systems typesetter on Tektronix 4014 scope.
-Useful for checking TROFF page layout before typesetting.
-.sh GREEK
-Fancy printing on Diablo-mechanism terminals
-like DASI-300 and DASI-450,
-and on Tektronix 4014.
-.op
-Gives half-line forward and reverse motions.
-.op
-Approximates Greek letters and other special characters
-by overstriking.
-.sh COL
-Canonicalize files with reverse line feeds
-for one-pass printing.
-.sh DEROFF
-Remove all TROFF commands from input.
-.sh CHECKEQ
-Check document for possible errors in EQN usage.
//GO.SYSIN DD hel3
echo hel4
sed 's/.//' >hel4 <<'//GO.SYSIN DD hel4'
-.NH
-Information Handling
-.LP
-.sh SORT
-Sort or merge ASCII files line-by-line.
-No limit on input size.
-.op
-Sort up or down.
-.op
-Sort lexicographically or on numeric key.
-.op
-Multiple keys located by delimiters or by character position.
-.op
-May sort upper case together with lower into dictionary order.
-.OP
-Optionally suppress duplicate data.
-.sh TSORT
-Topological sort \(em converts a partial order into a total order.
-.sh UNIQ
-Collapse successive duplicate lines
-in a file into one line.
-.op
-Publish lines that were originally unique,
-duplicated, or both.
-.op
-May give redundancy count for each line.
-.sh TR
-Do one-to-one character translation according to
-an arbitrary code.
-.op
-May coalesce selected repeated characters.
-.op
-May delete selected characters.
-.sh DIFF
-Report line changes, additions and deletions necessary to bring two files
-into agreement.
-.op
-May produce an editor script to convert one file into another.
-.op
-A variant compares two new versions against one old one.
-.sh COMM
-Identify common lines in two sorted files.
-Output in up to 3 columns shows lines present in first file only,
-present in both, and/or present in second only.
-.sh JOIN
-Combine two files by joining records that have identical keys.
-.sh GREP
-Print all lines in a file that satisfy
-a pattern as used in the editor ED.
-.op
-May print all lines that fail to match.
-.op
-May print count of hits.
-.op
-May print first hit in each file.
-.sh LOOK
-Binary search in sorted file for lines
-with specified prefix.
-.sh WC
-Count the lines, ``words'' (blank-separated strings) and characters in a file.
-.sh SED
-Stream-oriented version of ED.
-Can perform a sequence of editing operations on
-each line of an
-input stream of unbounded length.
-.op
-Lines may be selected by address or range of addresses.
-.op
-Control flow and conditional testing.
-.op
-Multiple output streams.
-.op
-Multi-line capability.
-.sh AWK
-Pattern scanning and processing language.
-Searches input for patterns, and
-performs actions on each line of input that satisfies
-the pattern.
-.op
-Patterns include regular expressions,
-arithmetic and lexicographic conditions,
-boolean combinations and ranges of these.
-.op
-Data treated as string or numeric as appropriate.
-.op
-Can break input into fields;
-fields are variables.
-.op
-Variables and arrays (with non-numeric subscripts).
-.op
-Full set of arithmetic operators and control flow.
-.op
-Multiple output streams to files and pipes.
-.op
-Output can be formatted as desired.
-.op
-Multi-line capabilities.
//GO.SYSIN DD hel4
echo hel5
sed 's/.//' >hel5 <<'//GO.SYSIN DD hel5'
-.NH
-Graphics
-.LP
-The programs in this section are predominantly intended for use
-with Tektronix 4014 storage scopes.
-.sh GRAPH
-Prepares a graph of a set of input numbers.
-.op
-Input scaled to fit standard plotting area.
-.op
-Abscissae may be supplied automatically.
-.op
-Graph may be labeled.
-.op
-Control over grid style, line style, graph orientation, etc.
-.sh SPLINE
-Provides a smooth curve through a set of points
-intended for GRAPH.
-.sh PLOT
-A set of filters for printing graphs produced by GRAPH
-and other programs
-on various terminals.
-Filters provided for
-4014, DASI terminals, Versatec printer/plotter.
//GO.SYSIN DD hel5
echo hel6
sed 's/.//' >hel6 <<'//GO.SYSIN DD hel6'
-.NH
-Novelties, Games, and Things That Didn't Fit Anywhere Else
-.LP
-.sh BACKGAMMON
-.br
-A player of modest accomplishment.
-.sh CHESS
-Plays good class D chess.
-.sh CHECKERS
-Ditto, for checkers.
-.sh BCD
-Converts ascii to card-image form.
-.sh PPT
-Converts ascii to paper tape form.
-.sh BJ
-A blackjack dealer.
-.sh CUBIC
-An accomplished player of 4\(mu4\(mu4 tic-tac-toe.
-.sh MAZE
-Constructs random mazes for you to solve.
-.sh MOO
-A fascinating number-guessing game.
-.sh CAL
-Print a calendar of specified month and year.
-.sh BANNER
-Print output in huge letters.
-.sh CHING
-The
-.ul
-I Ching.
-Place your own interpretation on the output.
-.sh FORTUNE
-Presents a random fortune cookie on each invocation.
-Limited jar of cookies included.
-.sh UNITS
-Convert amounts between different scales of measurement.
-Knows hundreds of units.
-For example, how many km/sec is a parsec/megayear?
-.sh TTT
-A tic-tac-toe program that learns.
-It never makes the same mistake twice.
-.sh ARITHMETIC
-.br
-Speed and accuracy test for number facts.
-.sh FACTOR
-Factor large integers.
-.sh QUIZ
-Test your knowledge of Shakespeare, Presidents, capitals, etc.
-.sh WUMP
-Hunt the wumpus, thrilling search in a dangerous cave.
-.sh REVERSI
-A two person board game,
-isomorphic to
-Othello\(rg.
-.sh HANGMAN
-Word-guessing game.
-Uses the dictionary supplied with SPELL.
-.sh FISH
-Children's card-guessing game.
//GO.SYSIN DD hel6